Religious Education Coursework Assignment Essay

COURSEWORK QUESTION: a) (i) What is Hajj? (ii) Describe and explain why a Muslim would take part in Hajj and what this involves [40] b) (i) Explain the meaning and significance of the events of Hajj for a Muslim. (ii) What difficulties might there be for a Muslim performing Hajj? (iii) How might participating in Hajj affect the life of a believer? [35] c) â€Å"A true pilgrimage is really a journey within.† Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Islam in your answer. [25] A (i)Hajj is the pilgrimage to Makkah, a Muslim-only city. Tourists aren’t welcome to Makkah; Hajj is for Muslims to get closer to God and isn’t meant to be a tourist attraction. It is the duty of every healthy and financially stable Muslim to complete Hajj once in their lifetime. It is a deeply spiritual journey for the millions of Muslims who complete Hajj every Muslim year, between 8 and 13 Dhul-Hijjah – the final month. Some Muslims may prefer to visit Makkah on a pilgrimage at another time in the year, but this is not considered as important as Hajj, and is called Umrah. Because so many Muslims want to experience Hajj for the first time, those who have done it before often do Umrah instead. Hajj is the fifth of the five pillars of Islam; the basis of the religion. It is meant for the sane and mature Muslim mind, and it is usually considered an honour to die during one’s Hajj, as it is widely believed burial in the city of Makkah will bring Muslims clo ser to their God, and is a good indication of their dedication to Islam. A (ii)Hajj is widely considered essential in order to be a devout Muslim. It is one of the five pillars of Islam which are the biggest and main requirements of the religion. It is considered that Hajj is something of a ticket to heaven in the afterlife. The pilgrimage is to show ones self to Allah, and let him be the judge of character. With a good Hajj comes a peaceful afterlife and paradise. It is not just a physical practice, for true meaning a pilgrim must enter a whole new mindset and way of living, at least for the days of Hajj. This was of living is called Ihram, and is the first obligatory rite of Hajj. All men must wear two white unhemmed sheets so that all look alike, and wealth, age and status in general is not even considered. Whilst in Ihram, Muslims should not argue, swear, kill (even insects!) or participate in a sexual relationship even accompanied by husband or wife. Ihram creates an equilibrium and purity for Hajj. It unites every pilgrim and crates a pure mental canvas solely ready to think about nothing but God. The physical part of Hajj is all about recreating significant and very old events in Islam. First the pilgrims all run or walk quickly around the Ka’bah seven times, if close enough they will touch or kiss it. They then pray close to the Ka’bah, near Maqam Ibrahim. Next the Muslims rush between Marwah and Safa, two hills; seven times. The hills are linked now by a corridor for convenience and safety. After doing this, the pilgrims must make their way to the plain of Arafat, around 20km from Makkah. The pilgrims stand under the sun from midday until sunset praying to Allah, and asking for forgiveness. After this the pilgrims go to Muzdalifah to pray, collect stones and camp overnight. In the morning the pilgrims go to Mina to throw seven stones at three walls. After stoning the walls pilgrims make a sacrifice, often through companies nowadays. The sacrificed animal is the either frozen for future use or given to the poor Muslim community to eat. Men then shave their heads, and women cut off a lock of hair, usually a small amount; a few centimetres or a quarter. Muslims are then allowed to exit Ihram, changing into their normal clothes. They camp at Mina for three nights, and then return to Makkah to walk around the Ka’bah once again. They then drink water from the ZamZam well and their Hajj is complete. They are then a male Hajji, or a female Hajjah. B (i)Carrying out the actions of Hajj is not meaningful without a proper understanding for the ideas behind each procedure. It is all about representing the past and having empathy for Muhammad (PBUH), Ibrahim his son Ismah’il and others. The Ka’bah is a cube-shaped building supposedly first constructed for God by the first man Adam. It was washed away in Noah’s time, but Ibrahim and his son Ismah’il rebuilt it. It is covered in a black cloth called kiswah with verses of the Qu’ran stitched into it. The Ka’bah is rebuilt on the same foundations by the same method when it needs to be, and the cover is re-made every year, after it is cut up and given to some lucky pilgrims as a memento of their journey. The Ka’bah is the very first house of God and many prophets have visited it. It is for this reason that pilgrims feel such closeness and representation to God when they visit it during Hajj. Tawaf is the circling of the Ka’bah seve n times. To begin, the pilgrims can kiss the Black Stone al-hajar-al-aswad or just raise their hands towards it (on the east corner of the courtyard) and recite a prayer. After this the Pilgrims rush around the Ka’bah seven times to represent the fact that their lives revolve around God. It is the first thing that the pilgrims do when they arrive in Makkah. Tawaf is the second rite of Hajj, after Ihram, mentioned earlier. The second event is called the sa’i, where pilgrims rush between the hills Marwah and Safa, to show perseverance and patience. This is what Ibrahim’s wife Hajar did as she desperately searched for aid as her and her thirsty son came close to death in the desert. This part of Hajj can be very tiring and difficult under the blazing sun, despite there being a modern corridor built especially for sa’i. Hajar’s patience was rewarded by God with a spring of water that appeared at her son Ismah’il’s feet, which was named the ZamZam well; today it is in the courtyard of the great Mosque in Makkah. Sa’i is not a compulsory part of Hajj but is usually included in the pilgrimage, and has a deep meaning. The pilgrims travel to Mina, a city of tents near the plain of Arafat. In Ihram, the Muslims are united and equal; they sleep side by side often grouped only by language if anything. All of the pilgrims sleep in tents in their Ihram clothes, poor and rich sleep aside each other as the devout, proud and fellow Muslims of Hajj. The following day the pilgrims travel to Mount Arafat for the most important part of Hajj, where they stand before Allah and ask forgiveness for all of their sins. This is the third obligatory rit e of Hajj. Mount Arafat is also known as the ‘Mount of Mercy’ and is supposed to be where God forgave Adam and Eve for their sins and reunited them, after previously separating them for wrongdoing. Here the Muslims stand before God, the wuquf. The pilgrims stand from midday to sunset praying, weeping and meditating, all under the searing Saudi sun. The afternoon of wuquf is purely concentrated on Allah, and some pilgrims have to rush to make the stand, as without it their Hajj is invalid. Everyone is expected to stand alone and analyse every wrong doing individually, and pray to Allah for forgiveness for their sins. In this rite, repent is essential, and if pilgrims are truly sorry for their sins, it is said they will be completely purified and forgiven by Allah, and can start again, as pure as the day they were born. It is an unforgettable experience and is savoured by every pilgrim. After wuquf, pilgrims travel to camp in Muzdalifah in time for prayers in the evening. Here they usually collect 49 pebbles for the ramy al-jamarat (stoning of the devil) the following day. In 2004 Saudi authorities got rid of the pillars and replaced them with long walls, to make the stoning the devil process easier and therefore safer. Hund reds of people have died in the large crowds all trying to get a good shot at the pillars. On the first day of the process, after a night in Muzdalifah, the first wall is stoned 7 times. The following days each of the three walls has to be stoned 7 times for two consecutive days. This means 49 pebbles are required, but if the pilgrims miss any shots they may need at least 21 extra pebbles to stone all three walls 7 times the following day. This seems like a strange ritual when no background is supporting it, but there is good meaning. Ibrahim was told by God one day he had to sacrifice his son Ismah’il. Ibrahim made his way to the place of sacrifice, abiding Allah’s instruction, after consulting his son who told him to do what he had to. On the way the devil appeared before him first to try and tempt him not to sacrifice his son, and the angel Gabriel, the messenger of God told him to â€Å"pelt him†. Ibrahim threw 7 pebbles at the devil and it disappeared. It soon reappeared along the way, this time representing the temptation of Hajar to stop her husband sacrificing her son to God, and Gabriel told Ibrahim to â€Å"pelt him† again. He did what he was told and threw 7 stones at the devil who once again disappeared. The devil appeared a third time along the road, to tempt Ismah’il to avoid being sacrificed. Gabriel’s order to â€Å"pelt him† was followed by Ibrahim, and the devil then disappeared for the final time. Ibrahim’s loyalty and resistance to the devil was rewarded by God when Ibrahim was told to stop as he prepared to kill his son. He was told by God to sacrifice a ram instead, and Ibrahim’s resistance to temptation paid off. Ramy al-jamarat shows the pilgrim ’s dedication to God’s wishes, and rejection to the temptations of the devil. Most Muslims make a sacrifice after stoning the devil, to recreate Ibrahim’s experience as closely as possible. Because there are so many pilgrims who want to make a sacrifice, there are special companies, who make it on their behalf and feed the poor. What cannot be used immediately to feed the poor Muslim community is frozen and used later. After making a sacrifice, male pilgrims have their heads shaven by a person who is not in Ihram and women have usually around an inch cut off. Pilgrims usually change into their normal clothes and do a single Tawaf; this is the fourth obligatory rite of Hajj. After doing this single Tawaf the Muslims are now officially Hajjis or Hajjahs as a female. They can then return home but most choose to stay and visit other places such as Medina, where the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was buried. B (ii)There are many factors to prevent Muslims going to Hajj. It is said Allah excuses these factors. It is intention or niyyah that counts with the pilgrimage, and when there is something to prevent Muslims from attending it, they will be excused by Allah. The most common circumstance is poverty. There are around 1.4 billion Muslims in the world, and many live in poverty. Lots of Muslims will save up most of their life to do Hajj, and by the time they have enough money to go, they are of old age and aren’t physically able. In this case the Muslim can pay another existing Hajji to attend on their behalf, or donate their savings for Hajj to charity. If they do this they will be blessed as fully as if they had completed Hajj themselves. For those who can’t afford Hajj, they can donate their available savings for Hajj to charity. They will receive the full Hajj benefits also. If a Muslim passes away on their way to carry out Hajj, they will receive the full blessing also, they have died making a commitment to their religion, this shows devotion and niyyah if anything does! Of course there are difficulties that could occur during Hajj. Because around two million pilgrims undergo Hajj every year, and are all dressed in near identical garments, it is very likely that groups will be separated for the period of Hajj. This may seem like a panicking time but Muslims in Ihram will be very sympathetic and helpful with each other in such circumstances, and probably take on new members into their travel groups. The overwhelming feeling of closeness to God on Hajj is enough to eliminate any feelings of worry for the meantime anyhow, so separation doesn’t cause much of a fright. Those unfortunate enough to die during Hajj are proud. It is a blessing to be buried in or near Makkah, close to God. Passing away making commitments to Islam is an honour, and a will is usually written before leaving for Hajj anyway. For those who fear the physical strain of Hajj, or are encouraged not to repeat the journey if they have already, Umrah is the lesser pilgrimage which can be carried out all year round. It involves the seven rotations of the Ka’bah (Tawaf), the Sa’i (Between Marwah and Safa) and a halq or taqsir; which is to cut the hair. Taqsir is shortening hair; halqis the complete head shave. B (iii)Hajj creates equilibrium, and a sympathetic atmosphere among the pilgrims who share the highs and lows of the journey. For most, the journey strengthens and confirms their commitment to Islam. After Hajj, a Muslim is more likely to be more courteous to people in general, and more at ease with life. Once a good Hajj is completed, the afterlife should be more peaceful and happy. Some Muslims like the experience of the pilgrimage so much they move to a Muslim country if they do not live in one already, as they like the convenience and feeling of togetherness and empathy. Hajj strengthens the belief of many Muslims, and if they weren’t a very good Muslim before Hajj, they might feel the need to be more committed to their faith, and practice Islam more regularly. Although for most the pilgrimage of Hajj is a blessing experience, some may have felt let down and disengaged during the journey. For those who could not get into a good Ihram, or feel true belief in God on the mount of mercy; their belief in Islam and Allah may have been hindered. C To me, this statement means that although all of the processes of a pilgrimage are physical, the true idea is the thoughts within the pilgrim’s mind and the intention, empathy and symbolism of what they are doing in the pilgrimage. The vast majority of Hajjis find the sacred journey to Makkah nourishing and feel they have found forgiveness from Allah. As they travel around the different rites of Hajj they cherish the experience and remember the meaning of each process, going back as far as the time of Adam and Eve. They enter a new realm as they stand before God on the Mount of Mercy, are unable to hold in their tears and are swept with emotion. On the other hand, Hajj is purely a physical process for some pilgrims. It isn’t supposed to be, but some can’t get into the frame of mind which is intended during the pilgrimage. The journey is supposed to be emotional, deeply thoughtful and soul cleansing. To some Muslims, their belief may be slightly hampered by the fact they struggle to get into a real Ihram. They will get their money’s worth on the trip and see people from all different cultures following the same rituals, but not feel truly engaged in the experience. Some people might argue that if you go on Hajj, and carry out the same processes as the prophets did, that is adequate in displaying your devotion to Allah and Islam. Some may say the fact that so much is physically required of them in Hajj, that alone shows they are a devout Muslim. Personally, I fully agree with the statement, because I would say that Hajj is a journey to Makkah to carry out the rites, and a true Hajj is a deep and thoughtful journey not only to Makkah, but to the bottom of a pilgrim’s heart. Although carrying out Hajj is a blessing experience cherished by Muslims, it is not truly meaningful unless they feel a certain dedication and spiritual enrichment on their journey.

Plato, Aristotle and Descartes Essay

â€Å"We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light†, Plato said. Studying knowledge is something philosophers have been doing for as long as philosophy has been around. People always see just a part of things around the world. They need an open mind to understand more deep and wise into the world. It’s one of those perennial topics that philosophy has been refining since before the time of Plato. The discipline is known as epistemology which comes from two Greek words episteme which means knowledge and logos which means a word or reason. Epistemology literally means to reason about knowledge. Epistemologists study what makes up knowledge, what kinds of things can we know, what are the limits to what we can know, and even if it’s possible to actually know anything at all. In fact, people always see just a part of things around the world. They need an open mind to understand more deep and wise into the world. Plato becomes increasingly discourage by both the â€Å"mob† and the â€Å"elite†. The mob, represented by the jury at Socrates’ trial, was irrational and dangerous; it was swayed by sophistic appeals to emotion, not by reason. Plato concluded that most people are unfit by training and ability to make the difficult and necessary decision that would result in a just society. The average person lacks wisdom and self-restraint. As Plato saw things, most people make emotional responses based on desire and sentiment, rather than on rational consideration stemming from an objective view of what is genuinely good for the individual society. Socrates’s death, the revolt of the Thirty, sophistic abuses, and other factors convinced Plato that a corrupt state produces corrupt citizens. He thus attempted to develop a theory of knowledge that could refute sophistic skepticism and moral relativism. Plato believed that if he could identify and articulate the difference between mere opinion and genuine knowledge, it would then be possible to identify the structure of an ideal state based on knowledge and truth rather than the mere appearance of truth and personal whim. The allegory of the cave is an example for this from Plato. The prisoners (unable to turn their heads) would know nothing else but the shadows, and perceive this as their own reality. This is an important development to the story because it shows us that what we perceive as real from birth is completely false based on our imperfect interpretations of reality and Goodness. Plato expresses another of his favorite ideas: that education is not a process of putting knowledge into empty minds, but of making people realize that which they already know. This notion that truth is somehow embedded in our minds was also powerfully influential for many centuries. In Plato’s world, reality is not conceived through the senses, but rather intelligible truths of reality in the forms of ideas and figures, as opposed to the visible world. In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes the physical world as a â€Å"dark place† in which humans can only perceive objects through the senses. Plato referred to these objects as phenomena, or weak forms of reality. Thus, the physical world is not a realm where humans can obtain knowledge of true reality. Plato describes the process of acquiring knowledge from darkness to the light. In this journey, humans are able to see the essence of truth, or in other words, they are able to gain an understanding of what is actually real. This process, though painful and distressing, will at the end offer freedom and enlightenment to those who have acquire knowledge. Happiness is achieved by gaining an understanding of what is actually real. Because the philosopher has knowledge, his task is to descend to the cave to help as many people as possible to gain knowledge, or in other words, to learn the truth. This doesn’t convince me because science involves the pursuit of knowledge of general truths by using observation and systematic experimentation. However, Plato did not think a philosopher should use observation or empirical investigation in order to find truth. He believed only abstract thinking could lead to true knowledge. Plato said that the very essence of knowledge is unchanging. What is true is always true and he thought that knowledge is innate I agree about there are some absolute truth but I think we learn knowledge by experience not only by innate knowledge. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most Influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. What Plato believed about reality was very different from Aristotle’s ideology. Aristotle objected to Plato’s view, arguing that one cannot know the type of interaction which is occurring between the two Forms. If the â€Å"real or ideal forms† are eternal, pure and unchanging then how do they relate to the material objections or Forms on earth with all their physical imperfections? This participation or imitation link between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous thinking as no one can has established such a link – real or otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to explain all the Forms in the material world. At some point Plato fails to explain how this greater Form was controlled- how can Form control things? Was there energy in â€Å"Forms†? Aristotle argued that form can be distinguished from content only in thought and never in fact. Aristotle warned that we must take care not to mistake â€Å"intellectual analysis† for â€Å"ontological status†. Aristotle accused Plato of doing just that by imputing actual existence to the Forms. For Aristotle, form exists within the natural order embedded in particular things and cannot exist independently. How does this criticism support Aristotle’s own metaphysics? Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major expression of the search for the good life: attempting to acquire facts without bias and then using that information to make this a better world. Aristotle stands alone as an archetype of the philosophical naturalist. Basically Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of natural world. The Naturalist’s universe is ordered in that everything in it follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature; everything can be understood in terms of those fundamental laws. Nothing exists outside of space and time. Nature always acts with a purpose, and the key to understand anything lies in determining its essential purpose. Philosophical naturalist deny the existence of a separate supernatural order of reality. They believe that human beings, although special, are part of the natural order and behave according to fixed laws and principles. Thus a clear understanding of nature is necessary to any clear conception of human behavior. Ethics and political (social) science must be based on the actual facts of life, carefully observed and collected by a scientific method – not on speculative, otherworldly, rationalistic schemes. Aristotle based his philosophical positions on scrutiny of particular, actual things, not on the isolated contemplation of mathematical laws or pure ideas. Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major approach to the study of the good life: collecting facts and using factual information to make this a better world. Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature and can be described in terms of fundamental laws. Aristotle has a variety of views that range from nature to ethics and has unforgettable take on mathematics. He gives me the impression that the laws of nature are the boundaries in which we live and our meaning of life evolves around this boundary. I believe, there are some sort of absolute truths or knowledge but when we get knowledge we get most of knowledge through our experience. Descartes suggests the viewpoint that the human body and the human mind are two completely different things with different functions. The viewpoint is called Dualism, and holds that both the physical world and the immaterial world exist. Dualism is based on two substances, which are mind and matter. Descartes explained that these two does not necessarily need one another to exist. Descartes doubts everything he was taught to believe because it is human tendency to believe what is false. In the first, he claims that most of what he believes is from his senses and that those senses are sometimes deceived. He wasn’t uncomfortable with the idea that there isn’t universal knowledge. He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is distinct and separate from the brain. He also identified the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness. He emphasized the sharp division between the mind and the body as the most basic fact of our human existence. In Descartes’ Dualism, the body is considered to be a material substance, and the mind is considered to be an immaterial one. He suggests that although these two things combine to make a human being, but these two parts exist in two separate worlds. The body exists in the physical world, where all the objects that we can see and touch exist. While the mind exists in a different world, an immaterial one, where we are not able to see or feel. Descartes establishes the Conceivability argument to support his viewpoint. â€Å"I think therefore I am,† the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or extended substance and thinking substance display Descartes’ ideas of a â€Å"genuine human being†. Descartes’ idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes’s interest in the â€Å"thinking thing itself† was the first major step in a shift in emphasis in modern philosophy from metaphysics to epistemology. He recognized the need for orderly thinking, which he called method. He employed methodic doubt in his effort to find one absolute certain and undoubtable idea. Having found an undoubtable truth, Descartes tried to build a reliable foundation for knowledge on the innate idea of God. For Plato and Descartes mathematics becomes the blueprint for all knowledge. Mathematical knowledge remains true regardless of time, place and circumstances. This is unlike inductive knowledge or matters of fact whose truth depends on time, place and circumstances. On this basis Plato and Descartes reject our sense of sight, smell and touch as providing any source of reliable knowledge. Both Descartes and Plato would agree that true knowledge is a priori. Basically this means that knowledge is innate and therefore prior to experience. If we take this innate knowledge we can build or expand on it to discover what Plato and Descartes could classify as ‘ultimate’ truths. Knowledge is a root of many challenges we face in a given day. Once you get past basic survival (though even things as basic as finding enough food and shelter involves challenges related to knowledge), we’re confronted with knowledge issues on almost every front. Knowledge questions range from larger, more weighty questions like figuring out who our real friends are, what to do with our career, or how to spend our time, what politician to vote for, how to spend or invest our money, should we be religious or not, to more mundane ones like which gear to buy for our hobby, how to solve a dispute between the kids, where to go for dinner, or which book to read in your free time. We make knowledge decisions all day, every day and some of those decisions deeply impact our lives and the lives of those around us. I think I learned much more by these theory, do not say you know all the world, using our intelligent to understanding more about the world, and then do not stop doubting get make ourselves much more better in future. The knowledge is unlimited, so we could learn a lot every day, then using it for our own good and pass it out for our next generation because knowledge is never old or too much, it could use time by time and always work. People could say that some of the knowledge is too old for the present and they have been use times by times, and always work even though it from centuries. I think the world is big, get to know it will help us have a better look about everything. It is amazing that we could use our own sense to organize everything about our life and get experience by it. Doubting is as same as giving us a chance to understanding more about the world we are living in, than we have a courage to know about it much more better. Gaining more knowledge is never too much, getting it from our teacher; your friend is some of the simple ways to understanding more about our life in specific and the world in general. Work Cited . â€Å"Aristotle . † Internaet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP , 21 2005. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Gill, N. S.. â€Å"Plato – Greek Philosopher. † Ancient / Classical History. About. com. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Greek Philosopher Plato. † AllAboutPhilosophy. org. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. Web. 3 Nov 2012 . â€Å"Plato. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Plato. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut , 16 2011. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Plato. † Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP, 9 2009. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Shields, Christopher. â€Å"Aristotle. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Christopher Shields, 25 2008. Web. 3 Nov 2012.

Analysis Of Elizabeth Bishops The Fish English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Elizabeth Bishops The Fish English Literature Essay â€Å"The Fish† was written by Elizabeth Bishop who lived from 1911- 1979. The title â€Å"The Fish† gives the reader an idea of what the poem will be about. You can’t tell the happenings in the poem from the title, but you can tell that it will include a fish in one way or another. The title is also very simple, and when the poem the structure used and the story itself is also simple. To keep with the free flowing feel of the poem there are no rigid rhyme schemes. The poem uses point of view to help explain the theme of the story: it is possible for a person to tell someone, or something’s, life by the way they carry themselves and the scars they have. After getting a glimpse into the fish’s life, the poem ends when the fisherman lets the fish go. The reason the fisherman let the fish go can be for several reasons. Most likely the fisherman felt that it was an honor to catch the fish and it would be dishonorable to keep a fish that the fisherman s ees as a fellow warrior in the rough waters. The fisherman’s feelings are the most evident when he thinks, â€Å"I stared and stared / and victory filled up / the little rented boat† (Bishop 66-68).The main character in this story is the fish, but the narrator is the fisherman. The whole poem is the fisherman’s actions and thoughts, therefore; there is no dialogue in the poem. The fisher’s actions show the fact that the fisher has been touched by the sight of the fish. The poem is made up of seventy- six lines. The lines are not separated into stanzas but arranged in a continuous free form. There is no discerning rhyme scheme to try and figure out, and there is no rigid structure. The poem does not have words or sounds words that continue to repeat themselves. The only thing that is continually referred to is the fish. The free form of the poem can be seen as a foreshadowing that the fisherman sets the fish free at the end of the story. There is symbolism , metaphors, and personification in the poem though. Symbolism can be found several times in the poem. For instance the rainbow that appears in the water right before the fisher lets the fish go. The rainbow can be seen as a symbol that represents the compassionate feelings that prompts the fisher to release the fish. Another time is when the fisher says that the hooks caught in the fish’s jaw are, â€Å"Like medals with their ribbons / frayed and wavering† (Bishop 61-62). We are able to determine that the fisher has begun to respect the fish and his past endeavors. A great metaphor in the story is â€Å"his brown skin hung in strips / like ancient wallpaper† The metaphor in this line refers to the skin of the fish and how it looked liked old wallpaper. The fish is being personified throughout the whole poem. When the fish is first caught it is just a fish. By the end of the poem the fish is transformed from a normal fish to a noble veteran of the waters. The fi sher stopped seeing the fish as just an animal, but the fish becomes almost human like. The fish’s personification begins when the fisherman looks into the fish’s eyes, at this moment the fisher begins to sympathize with the fish. The personification continues as the fisherman looks at the fish more. The end result is the fisher having the feeling that the fish has been through a lot and should be treated with dignity and respect.

Improving Family Planning Services in a Developing Country The Case Essay

Improving Family Planning Services in a Developing Country The Case Analysis of Nigeria - Essay Example The clinic has no counselling services, poor diagnostic services, no pharmacy and laboratory. Figure 1 below shows the major problems with the operation of the clinic. Figure 1: UNTH Family Planning Clinic and its Problems Clearly, there is a problem with the collection of data from patients for the hospital (See Appendix 1). The lack of a laboratory and pharmaceutical facilities makes it difficult to take care of patients (See Appendices 2 and 3). Most of the people in charge of sensitive positions are not appropriately skilled. This is demonstrated in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects There are different pointers that provide important linkages for the reason why this system has failed and needs to be improved. These are discussed into detail in Appendices 1, 2 and 3. Action Justification University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital remains a leading institution in Nigeria. Aside training the next generation of Nigeria's medical professionals, the institution is a centre for intense research and studies. Since the Nigerian government has shown interest in cutting down on the population, there is the need for the family planning clinic to be upgraded to a level whereby it can be used as a point for mobilising and treating patients accurately. There is therefore the need to change the current position and improve systems to be devoid of the various issues and limitations in communication, facilities and services. Objectives The main end is to provide the following objectives which would mark the success of the project: 1. An improved system of communication that enables patient diagnosis to be of a high standard and also link up to the healthcare... This essay stresses that University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital remains a leading institution in Nigeria. Aside training the next generation of Nigeria's medical professionals, the institution is a centre for intense research and studies. Since the Nigerian government has shown interest in cutting down on the population, there is the need for the family planning clinic to be upgraded to a level whereby it can be used as a point for mobilising and treating patients accurately. This paper makes a conclusion that Option 2 scores the maximum points in all categories. It shows that the refurbishment of a new unit of UNTH as part of the wider organization is the best option for the creation of a family planning clinic with a structured counselling services, pharmacy and laboratory services. There are major cost savings as well as efficient systems of operations to meet targets. This makes it preferred ahead of the two other services. In spite of this choice, it is more important to promote and enhance the offering by conducting consultation sessions with the other stakeholders like the board of the UNTH to ascertain the final and most significant ways of attaining the objectives of this project. The following model identified in Appendices 3 and 4 can be used as the proposed service model and internal systems respectively. This would give an idea of how work could be done and completed and provide the blueprints as specified by Part A of this paper.

Process Analysis Essay on Falling Down is Part of Growing

Process Analysis on Falling Down is Part of Growing - Essay Example This paper explores some of the achievements that have been made by Petroski, in this case, it places biases on his famous writing, â€Å"Falling Down is Part of Growing.† The literal work that provides an examination of how the engineering field has been successful in achieving some important milestones as far as human life is concerned amidst various social and economic challenges among others. Petroski explains that before the world ushered in the new millennium, there was a need to look back and reflect on the path engineering had taken, this was in order to find out some of the important achievements that have been attained (Petroski para 1-2). This concern promoted the National Academy of Engineering to convene a meeting to brainstorm and deliberate on this agenda. It is during this meeting that it was discovered that many achievements have been made, some of the important achievements included, improved electrification programs in the country and beyond, the automobile and airplane sectors among many others The rural electrification program in the United States at this time had led to many other achievements because of the efficiency that was being experienced in many other industrial processes. Many people who took a lot at how the process was done under carefully planned coordination and collaborative process by engineers and physicians can ascertain that it was one of the best achievements to usher in the new millennium.

Brown v. board of education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brown v. board of education - Research Paper Example The law does also not recognize the lack of equality in segregating the two races and actually turns a blind eye to the fact that one race is being treated superior while the other remains inferior in their segregated premises. The fact that they had equal facilities does not mean that the facilities were of the same quality only quantity. Having equal number of teachers for example but who are not very much qualified (as they are also of similar race and hence not very much educated) does not shout the name equality at all. The same applies to the state of the other facilities such as the transportation and the building compared with what the whites were receiving. If the same quality of facilities cannot be accorded to the different races and the same treatment being offered to the white cascaded down to the blacks, then there can never be any form of equality even though the law rules that there is according to the fourteenth amendment as equality cannot exist just in one form or term and the rest of the issues ignored or

Shermine Narwani and Maysaloon Albadri Research Paper

Shermine Narwani and Maysaloon Albadri - Research Paper Example However, Maysaloon Albadri, a critic of Narwani, uses logos and the rhetoric appeal of pathos to discredit her assertions. In this article, I will illustrate the manner in which Maysaloon and Narwani have applied logos, pathos, and rhetoric appeal to make their claims appealing to the audience. Maysaloon begins his essay by analyzing the nature of Narwani’s article. He points out that any well-written and relatively neutral article that raises the slightest doubts that Assad’s regime is killing its people should not be taken seriously. He explains that Narwani’s article, which talks about the regime killing its people, is distributed crazily and cited as future proof that Syria subjected to conspiracy (Maysaloon 2). The point that he is trying to put across is that the fact that a piece is well-written does not mean it holds the truth. Essentially, Maysaloon uses this kind of argument, which is based on credible evidence, to invalidate the assertions of Narwani in a way that really appeals to the readers. This is a perfect application of logos, which increase authenticity of the author’s claims. Ideally, the reader would identify with this kind of logic, which is very appealing and convincing. Maysaloon increases the appeal of his argument by logically analyzing the happenings in the Arab League, in a way that disputes Narwani’s main theme. Narwani explains that there are armed groups fighting the regime, which were not mentioned in the protocol. Maysaloon acknowledged this as a fact, but uses pathos to create a false sense of pity for Narwani’s tendency to create fabrications of the issues regarding the international media. This aspect is brought out clearly when he says â€Å"It is curious that Miss Narwani seems to think that the conventional narrative does not mention an armed element to Syria’s uprising, when it does† (Maysaloon 5). Here, Maysaloon uses the word ‘curious’ to create the illusion that he would not expect a person of the class of Narwani to reason in such a manner, and could not identify why she misunderstood traditional narrative. This word is used to create a condescending tone and pathos, which is a clever way improving the appeal of one’s ideas. Ideally, the pathos and logos are used to portray Narwani as incapable of writing sensible articles for media publication. The use of logos throughout the article, therefore, makes the readers want to know more about what Maysaloon is discussing, and identifies with Narwani’s assertions as lacking credence. In her article, â€Å"Foolishly ignoring the Arabs League report on Syria† (Narwani 1), Narwani says that the international media completely ignores the armed entities that are also fighting against the regime, a fact that Maysaloon disputes strongly by use of logos. As a result, the audience is easily convinced that Narwani claims are misinformed. To support his divergent views, Maysaloon says that the conventional narrative that Narwani refers to exist only â€Å"in the mind of most ardent supporters of Assad†. He adds that the media has, in fact, made many reports about groups such as the free Syrian army and oth er local groups that are attempting to protect themselves from the regime (Maysaloon 5). Maysaloon further discredits Narwani through a simple observation that she never cites any reference or source regarding the claim that there is a media conspiracy, which undermines or degrades the Arab League mission. Maysaloon is also using logos through reasoning and logic, in order to rule out the farces, and hence, seek the truth. Narwani’s notion regarding conspiracy has no foundation and,

Opening a new restaurant in New york Research Proposal

Opening a new restaurant in New york - Research Proposal Example It also helps in the management where it targets the set aims and objectives on how to attain them (Gumpert, 2004). Questions that are considered before coming up with a business plan include; what level of revenues and profits are available at that juncture? How many employees are needed to commence a company? How many locations are to be established to start with? A definite plan should also be able to reflect on the possible outcome of a shorter period like one year or below. This explains what tasks and aims should be included in the business plan to meet within one year’s time and should be successfu (Finch, 2010). Therefore, the plan will outline the type of loans that will be given to the organization, products and service involved, number of employees and their roles, staff policies, purchasing policies. The business plan is to cover the sales, objectives, strategies, marketing and financial overseas under which it helps to clarify our business ideas. It spot potential problems, set new goal and measure progress as to how the plan is structured. Therefore, this project is expected to work for eight traders who combined with their sole business and saw it necessary to come together and form a business plan. The program may help their partnership to help boost their profits (Gum pert, 2004). The major success key being utilized by the business is location. As observed earlier, the company will be located in New York, which is very populated. The company will also combine other key elements such as quality and service differentiation with the aim of attracting more customers within the shortest period. For the business to be effective, a number of staff estimated to work and help the manager include; the supply manager, purchase manager, accountant, marketing officers. In addition, advertising director, recruitment officer and subordinate staff should be included. Therefore, a single premise is evaluated to have at least

Obesity in children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity in children - Essay Example Obesity and overweight increase the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes in addition to psychological problem. Obesity results from ingestion of too much energy through food as compared to the total expenditure. Various genetic and medical factors increase the risk of obesity. Various programmes all over the world are working towards reducing the prevalence of obesity and overweight in children. Obesity and overweight in children has become a recognizable major health issue which might define as â€Å"an epidemic disease† in health field. The statistics on childhood obesity are alarming.See figure 1. According to reports by the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of overweight children below five years of age, in the year 2010, was over 42 million and around 35 million of these were from developing countries (WHO, 2014). In the past thirty years, childhood obesity has more than tripled in adolescents and doubled in children (CDC, 2013). The percentage of obese children in the 6-11 years age group in the United States increased from 7% to 18% from 1980 to 2010 (CDC). Over the same period, percentage of obese adolescents in the 12-19 age groups increased from 5% to 18%. Childhood obesity is among the most serious public health issues of the twenty first century. It is a global issue. It was earlier thought to be confined to high-income developed countries but has steadily been affecting urban populations in middle and low income countries as well. Overweight and obesity in children are likely to persist in adulthood. Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths – each year, around 2.8 million adult deaths are linked to overweight and obesity. According to estimates, 23% of ischemic heart disease burden, 44% of diabetes burden and 7-41% of cancer burden are attributable to obesity and overweight (WHO, 2014). Representative data on childhood obesity is available for many developed

Effect of Media on Eating Habits Essay Example for Free

Effect of Media on Eating Habits Essay Currently this is a serious and growing concern for public health officials, registered dietitians, and families interested in living their day to day lives in a healthy manner. Youth are at the highest risk. According to the National Health Examination Survey, children ages 11-13 have highest rate of daily television viewing (Brown, 2008, p. 316). In a 2007 study, children were more likely to be overweight when they watched more television (Gable, Chang Krull, 2007). Currently, the second leading cause of actual death according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is poor diet and physical inactivity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). Trends that lead to poor diet and physical inactivity, eventually obesity in adults and children alike, stem from habits that form early on in childhood. This creates an endless cycle that perpetuates from generation to generation. Obesity is currently an issue that threatens the majority of Americans and its prevalence has increased substantially in the last three decades (Schneider, 2006, p. 72). It’s caused by a number of different factors including genetics, physical inactivity, and poor eating habits. Two of the three factors noted can be strongly associated with television media. A study conducted at the University of Minnesota in 2009 found an increased incidence of eating in front of the television was primarily due to advertising and reduced metabolic rate in adolescence (Barr-Anderson, Larson Nelson, 2009). Reduced metabolic rate decreases one’s need for calories. Individuals of this demographic typically don’t take this fact into consideration and eat as much as before their exposure to television was such a significant part of their daily routine. This tendency leads to unwanted and unnecessary weight gain. Increased weight has shown to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and most kinds of cancer not to mention obesity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). A less commonly recognized phenomena related to this issue is that people don’t know what healthy choices are and in turn, they are more likely to fall victim to any temptations set before them. These enticements are provided most commonly by television media advertising directed at less educated, more easily influenced audiences. For example, inexpensive fast food that is a particularly popular type of advertising might seem like a logical source of food for some families that do not have access to, or know anything better. Environment There are many problems that make up this complex and layered situation. Many social, cultural and economic factors contribute to these dietary patterns and eating habits that develop over a lifetime (Schneider, 2006, p. 77). The amount of time children spend with different sources of media from: television, film, video games, and computer or online media is exceedingly taking up the greater part of their time. With the average five and a half hours children spend using media on a daily basis, the only thing they spend more time doing is sleeping (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004). From age two to twenty, only eighteen years, that adds up to over 29,900 hours spent with media and 1. 8 times more than the 16,000 hours spent in school grades k-12 (Grossberg, 2006, p. 93). That equals out to approximately 20 hours per week according to a study done in 2006 (Francis Birch, 2006). Not only in the time spent exposed to media is a risk factor for children, but the way in which the media is consumed is also a major contributor to this situation. In the home, if there is a lack of parental control monitoring children’s media exposure, children are then at a higher risk of being influenced. Children heavily influenced by the media have the ability to manipulate how money is spent and savvy companies see them as the consumers to be targeted (Peregrin, 2001, p. 6). Children sometimes even spend their own money on the products they see repeatedly reinforced around them. Advertisers use this well known fact to target children because they know the powerful influence children can have on their parents purchasing decisions (Peregrin, 2001, p. 56). In an article written in 2001, Registered Dietitian, Adrienne Dorf expressed her opinion about educating childr en who are exposed to excessive media. She emphasized the need to explain the difference between television programs and commercials to children who may not be able to differentiate the two. Dorf urged parents to explain the idea of sales and the fact that the food advertised via commercials may not be the best for our bodies. Dietary habits form over a lifetime and are greatly influenced by the social environment and family setting as well as the media (Schneider, 2006, p. 277). From time to time parents struggle with taking their children into the supermarket for groceries just because they don’t want to fight about what the new craze is in sugary cereal or what unhealthy snack crackers are showing more commercials on television or the latest cartoon characters face on their box. It is a common to see a mother or father who gives in to please their child when he or she throws a tantrum in the middle of the aisle to get something they want. This repeated action can be a detrimental in the long run if it persists and continues. Impact Food industries have a goal to sell as much of their product to the public as possible. They will do anything they can to encourage American’s to eat and spend more money on any of their products. Most food advertised is high in fat, sugar, and salt leading to children in the grocery store begging their parents for candy and unhealthy snack foods (Borzekowski Robinson, 2001). Foods advertised taste â€Å"good† resulting in advertisements publicizing foods with high amounts of sugar, fat, and salt towards younger generations. For example, fast foods and high sugar cereals are two of the most commonly publicized items during children’s programming. Studies have shown that children under the age of 6 years of age cannot distinguish between television programming as opposed to commercial advertising (Borzekowski Robinson, 2001). The primary problem is that children who spend excessive amounts of time exposed to television media are more likely to be overweight. According to the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) a strong dose-response relationship was found between television viewing and the prevalence of overweight (Brown, 2008, p. 316). Adolescents from 10 to 15 years old who reported watching more than 5 hours of television per day had greater odds of having a BMI in the 85th percentile (Brown, 2008, p. 316).

The Overemphasis On Physical Appearance Sociology Essay

The Overemphasis On Physical Appearance Sociology Essay In what way can it be argued that an overemphasis on ones physical appearance alienates individuals from themselves? Is the body part of the self or separate from the self? To answer this question, first of all it is necessary to understand what physical appearance means for individuality, and how it influences on persons self-image and self-perception. Persons appearance is a meaning of his identity.  Appearance is a expression of self-appraisal of person in overall positive or a negative attitude.  When self-appraisal is independent and autonomous, it does not dependent on external evaluations.  But in most cases the person tries by the appearance to attract the attention of surrounding people, and show his inner world, the mood and character.   Through the appearance person reveals his identity to a particular social class, individual lifestyle with his characteristic values, and, last but not least, interacts with various aspects of the social environment and changes them.  A person can achieve his goals by manipulating the impression he makes on other people. That is, appearance is a continuation of humans inner world, so the body can not be separated from the spiritual and emotional side. 2. Several of the classical theorists believed that much of modern life has become objectified and rationalized. In addition to the areas of the body, celebrity, and medicine, in what other areas has modern life become objectified and rationalized? Comparing the situation in contemporary culture and society that was a hundred years ago, many critics and theorists say that it has become objectified and rationalized. First of all this process is connected with the globalization, that has brought certain standards in the world. Globalization has led to fundamental changes in the relationship between folk, elite and mass culture, it lowered the status of the culture as it was before.  At the same time it brought mass culture, turning it into a leading element of a cultural system of post-industrial society.  The mass culture is like a substitute designed to meet the lowbrow tastes of poorly educated population. 3. Is it possible to effectively untie the rational and irrational, mental and emotional dimensions of life to create a more humane society? Why or why not? Should social theorists even be concerned about such an issue? Rationality one of the most important concepts of philosophy, sociology and psychology. The characteristic of our time is a neglect of rationality, that is mainly due to the uncertainty in the use of this notion.  What is rational and what is irrational? Rationality, like morality, is essential characteristic of behavior.  It is important to distinguish between the rational and irrational behavior.  An important feature of the actions that is called irrational or rationally forbidden (rationally prohibited), is that virtually no one would support people to commit these acts, on the contrary, they would have tried to convince not to do so.  To call something rational or rationally acceptable does not mean to endorse all of this, in these words there is only one modal nuance of lack of conviction. Many people want to draw a clear line between facts and values, rational and irrational.  If you get rid of the irrational motives, it means the mental control of reason over the behavior, which requires adherence to specific actions, conditions, programs, limiting the freedom of thought.  However, the above indicates that such a clear distinction is impossible, because rationality is in some way a subjective judgment. 4. What are the long-term implications of the open sale of human organs for social unity and divisiveness in the United States? The problem of sale of human organs is a matter of division of society into two views for and against.  Also, this issue has two problems: A rapid withdrawal of transplantation at the level of mass practice; An equally rapid growth of the declarations and documents of ethics adopted by professional associations, regulations and new laws, which develops and offers modern law and adopt modern nations of Europe and America, Asia and Africa. Modern transplant did not create utopian concepts, but wants to reach the level of ethical rules and standards of sale of human organs.  They see a direct connection between the progressive development of transplantation and overcoming of social psychological barrier in the form of traditional religious culture, with its system of rituals and attitudes towards death.  They believe that the success of transplantation is possible only in conditions of developed and prepared public opinion, that shall have absolute humanistic values across the range of practices of organ transplantation. Changing spiritual situation in the society, the democratization of social consciousness, which centered on the idea of human rights, led to a change in measures of responsibility for human life.  The increase in moral pluralism, the need for ethical and legal controls on the experimental research, medicalization of life, the globalization of bioethical issues all this makes urgent the task of fu rther development of the social problems of bioethics, which includes the issue of trade of human organs. 5. What are the most insightful or useful measures of class position? Why? How does inequality on each of these measures affect the lives of individuals? The recent trend in democratic industrialized countries of the world is increasing social mobility, that improve the status to representatives of every individual groups in society combined with the persistence of their unequal socio-economic position.  Subordination of the major social groups, their division into superior and inferior position reflects the concept of social class. Social classes are usually distinguished from other on the basis of their economic situation, the stability of the social situation of their representatives, difficulty of social mobility, the transition from the lowest class in the highest, as well as the multiplicity of their representatives.  All this makes them significant and sometimes define the measures of class position. Most measures of class position are aimed at influencing the process of social inequality and convergence status positions of the general population of industrialized countries, because the formation of the middle class does not negate the existence of traditional class position and the stratification of differences. (Delaney, 2003) 6. What evidence is there to assess the adequacy and/or inadequacy of Marxs predications about the relationship between workers and larger employers? Many of the ideas on social inequalities derived from the Marxist theory of stratification and class.  The mode of production determines the economic organization of each formation.  Marx believed the economic organization of the main aspect of society.  It includes a technology division of labor and, most importantly, a relationship formed between people in the production system.  These relationships play a key role in the Marxist concept of class.   Marx argued that in any type of economic organization is the ruling class, which owns the means of production (factories, raw materials, etc.) and provides control over them.  Due to the economic power of the ruling class decides the fate of those who are working for him.  (Berberoglu, 2005) Marx thought that workers would see that they were exploited this would lead to a deep, inescapable conflict between workers and owners.  Marx predicted that with the development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie would become richer, and the proletariat poorer.  The conflict would intensify, and in the end the workers would make a revolution, the revolution would be worldwide, leading to the overthrow of capitalism and the transition to socialism.   Marxs prediction was wrong: capitalism has not led to results that he expected.  First of all, government and the capitalists themselves began to pay more attention to the needs and demands of the workers due to political pressure and through the system of collective bargaining: now workers in the U.S. have high salaries and bonuses, in addition, they receive unemployment benefits. 7. What parallels exists in the ideologies used to maintain different racial and gender categories as separate status groups? What is your position on Durkheims prediction that the use of race and gender for positioning individuals in occupations will be eliminated someday? One of the earliest explanations of inequality due to gender or race was proposed by Emile Durkheim.  In the paper On the division of social labor (1893) Durkheim concluded that in all societies, some activities are considered more important than others.  In a society highly valued the achievement of religious salvation, that was characteristic of Puritans in colonial times.  Another company may consider the social value of material wealth.  All the functions of society law, religion, family, work, etc.  can form a hierarchy according to how highly they are valued. This view is expressed by Durkheim in his famous remark:   When I realize my duty brother, husband or a citizen, then I perform the obligations prescribed by law and custom and which are external to me and my actionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Similarly, a believer from birth detects in the ready-made form of beliefs and practices of religious life  and, if they existed before him. Therefore, they exist outside of it. The system of symbols that I use. aphid expression, monetary system, which I use for payment of debts, credit facilities, which I use in their commercial activities, procedures  which I follow because of their profession all these and similar things operate, regardless of my usage. In turn, if we turn to each member of society, then those comments are true for each of them. (Durkheim, 1964) I dont agree with his position, because society is a set of multiple identities?  If we study a certain group, we see not a collective entity, but only a group of individuals interacting with each other in different ways. 8. Discuss the common threads in the arguments on inequality found in each of the classical theorists. On what do they agree of disagree? In contemporary Western, especially American, sociology, social scientists hold several opposing views on inequality.  At the heart of the functionalist theories is the idea that some activities the society considers it more important than others.  Proponents of these theories, inequality is a means of ensuring public confidence in the fact that such activities, carried out the most qualified individuals.   Supporters of Conflictological theories suggest that inequality is due to more favorable position of those who control the social wealth.  Their views are based on the theory of classes and social stratification, designed by Karl Marx.  According to this theory, the economic system of any society creates two main classes, one of which operates or controls the other.  (Berberoglu, 2005) In the concept of stratification, Weber identifies three factors: wealth, prestige and power.  These factors are often but not always interact.  The theory of stratification based on the criteria Warner reputation of people within the community.  According to this theory, belong to a particular social class is determined by the members of the community.  (Berberoglu, 2005) In the functional approach we can point out the theory of middle class (or the new middle) class ( Aron, Daniel Bell and others).  Theories of the middle class were a reflection of the quantitative growth of the officials, intellectuals, managers, enhancing social protection and education of workers and several other groups, as well as the convergence of income, consumption and lifestyles of the general population.  According to followers of the theory of the middle class, this process led to the elimination of traditional class distinctions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and the social formation of a new social groups, encompassing and unifying value pain majority of the population of industrialized countries its the middle class is.  This includes individuals who possessing family income, education, prestige role in life, lifestyle and identify themselves with this group of society.     According to exit polls, in Western countries for more than half the population (70-80%) identify themselves as middle class.  Formation of the middle class society provides a high level of social homogeneity, smooths or even eliminate class conflicts, helps to reconcile the positions of parties, trade unions, etc.  (Berberoglu, 2005)